Brain Computer Interface

The brain can be roughly divided into two main parts: the cerebral cortex and sub-cortical regions. Sub-cortical regions are phylogenetically older and include a areas associated with controlling basic functions including vital functions such as respiration, heart rate, and temperature regulation, basic emotional and instinctive responses such as fear and reward, reflexes, as well as learning and memory.                             Fig. Brain Parts The cerebral cortex is evolutionarily much newer. Since this is the largest and most complex part of the brain in the human, this is usually the part of the brain people notice in pictures. The cortex supports most sensory and motor processing as well as “higher” level functions including reasoning, planning, language processing, and pattern recognition. [1]              ...

While there are many different kinds of neurons, there are three broad categories based on function: 1.  Sensory neurons: These are sensitive to various non-neural stimuli. There are sensory neurons in the skin, muscles, joints, and organs that indicate pressure, temperature, and pain. There are more specialized neurons in the nose and tongue that are sensitive to the molecular shapes we perceive as tastes and smells. Neurons in the inner ear are sensitive to vibration, and provide us with information about sound.  And the rods and cones of the retina are sensitive to light, and allow us to see. 2.  Motor neurons: These are able to stimulate muscle cells throughout the body, including the muscles of the heart, diaphragm, intestines, bladder, and glands. 3.  Inter neuron’s: These are the neurons that provide connections between sensory and motor neurons, as well as between themselves.  The neurons of the central nervous system, including the brain, are al...